蔡東豪的新書<<毅行者>>細說這個一百公里競賽的故事。從每個毅行發燒友的的經歷,探索毅行者精神。茶怪想,毅行者這股由眾人集結而發揮出的力量,不計酬勞,不談資本主義原則,就像太陽能和其他取之不盡的天然資源一樣,能否將之轉化成更大的力量,對社會作出更大的貢獻?
今日,但凡有自由市場解決不來的社會問題,如福利、醫療、教育、文化、藝術、電影、保育等,社會人士第一時間將責任推到政府身上。政府也好像是義不容辭地,積極向立法會申請撥款,加福利,攪文化活動。政府好像相信,「市場來不了的,我來。」慷的卻是納稅人的慨。可是,要資源有效地再分配,茶怪想,政府是次選。較佳的選擇是循慈善。徵稅會影響生產力,削弱經濟活動,更重要的是,稅款的用途取決於政治考慮多於「實際需要」。
究竟何謂有「實際需要」,究竟攪「維港巨星匯」、資助電影業、還是資助粵劇,還是保護雀鳥生態較好? 還是幫助窮人? 茶怪唔知,政府亦不應話事。最好由付錢的人決定。由慈善團體籌款,捐款人各自選擇幫助的對象。如果社會整體認為保護雀鳥生態較發展電影業重要,保護雀鳥生態能吸引的捐款自然比較多。你可能問,在經濟掛帥的香港,哪裡更多的善長仁翁?
從毅行者活動的成功,可見慈善不是一個如納稅一樣的「零和遊戲」。善款可以較經濟增長快,而且不會阻礙經濟增長。因為是自由捐贈的,不可被視為個人或企業的生產成本,不會損害他們賺錢的誘因,反而,做善事令人開心,本身是一種「好東西」(goods)。籌款活動成敗視乎主辦機構能否令捐款人快樂。慈善團體之間是有競爭的,但他們從競爭過程之中提升他們的籌款活動的吸引力,令捐款人開心,籌款總額就愈來愈多。社會提倡公益慈善,較推行福利為佳,這樣每個人捐錢增多,交稅減少,付出的感覺更具意義。
2007/05/29
2007/05/25
反轉豬肚

做生意的一般不敢得罪客人,千錯萬錯,客人永遠是對的。食肆全面禁煙,酒樓員工都違規者「盡量容忍」,得罪客人等於與自己荷包對著幹。客人拖數賴帳就更麻煩,一方面公司希望客人繼續光顧,另一方面,又怕欠款愈欠愈多。免費報紙AM730則反其道而行,今日在要聞版刊登了一則「欠廣告費啟事」,促請一廣告客戶清還欠款,還公開其股東身份。實行為客人做個「反宣傳」,這一招真絕,欠款的客戶相信只好乖乖就範,否則報紙天天來這一套,恐怕其旅行社生意做不下去。「欠廣告費啟事」會不會嚇怕其他的客人呢? 茶怪想,AM730的廣告版位天天爆滿,惡得起。該客戶不單只馬上付清欠款,還要再落另一則廣告解釋事件,以保護自己的聲譽,報紙又有生意。
2007/05/22
HK won't raise another Jackie Chan
Apart from the brown tap water and the oil fish at home that might make me sick, i shouldn't worry about the society's polarization of income distribution that, skeptics said, affects the job opportunities. The phenomenon of so-called "M-shaped Society" is the mere consequence of the fact that people walk different paths of life. The older they get, the broader divergence of achievements it is possible. That actually happens in Hong Kong as the baby boomers who were born in 1950's and 1960's. The reason the skeptics blame the "M-shaped" phenomenon for the seemingly narrowed job opportunities is that, i believe, the "M-shaped" phenomenon emerged coincidently with the buoyancy of unemployment. The skeptics are barking up the wrong tree.
Yes, unemployment statistics has been disappointing although the economy has been expanded uninterruptedly for the past four years. The current jobless rate of 4.1% means that for every 1,000 people who are either working or waiting for jobs, 41 are now without job. The number considerably exceeds the average 37 over the past 25 years. In the heyday 1982 to 1997, only 25 people on average were jobless. The number hit a historic low of 11 in 1989. Now, at 4.1%, the unemployment rate has fallen significantly from the peak but the decline has flattened. Why?
Economic cycle cannot explain the prevailing unemployment. Is it structural? The government would be happy to agree and reiterates its old tale that Hong Kong has transformed from a manufacturing town to a service-oriented city. The government likes to say that workers who are laid off from factories remained unemployed and that has limited the decline of unemployment rate. The tale suggests that the prevailing unemployment is something irreversible, and the government can hardly do anything about it. However widely cited it is, the tale is false.
The chart on the right (Source: Hong Kong Government) nails the lie.

This chart shows the unemployment trend by age group since 1982. All lines go hand-in-hand, up and down together. The unemployment among workers aged between 50 and 59 has been high in recent years. But the fact is that all age groups, young and old, have soared. If it were structural unemployment that dictated the overall unemployment, one would expect to see the older people, the green line and the orange line, suffer and the others do not. If it were structural unemployment that causes the whole unemployment problem, the jobless rate among the younger people, represented by the red line and the light blue line, should be low. But that is not the case.
The highly consistent pattern across ages suggests that structural changes have played a minor role, if any, in explaining the whole employment problem. There must be some underlying force that affects all workers, young and old.
Apart from "M-shaped" phenomenon, Hong Kong's social welfare has risen coincidently with the rise of unemployment rate.
See the chart on the right (Source: Hong Kong Government) and you will find changes in jobless welfare ground-breaking.

The red line in the chart shows expenditure of Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) Scheme since 1994. The black line shows the number of recipients. The expenditure fifth-folded to HK$17.6 billion in 2004, from HK$3.4 in 1994. The number of recipients increased to 542,000 from 140,000 during the same period. How large is the group of recipients? The number of recipients in 2004 was more than double the number of unemployed people.
How much does the scheme pay as compared with an employer? According to official statistics, an eligible family of three members on average received HK$7,700 a month in the year ended October 2005. A single-member family got HK$3,500 a month.
A cleaning worker earns about HK$3,000 to HK$5,000 after one whole month of hardship. He loses almost all his leisure time and probably spends most of his saving in medical expenses due to the infectious working environment.
The welfare system gives incentive for people not to work. i believe that is the major cause for the prevailing unemployment problem.
Unemployment driven by the welfare hurt the economy harder than cyclical and structural causes do because it tends to stay for a long period of time and affect all workers, young and old. Today's stagnant French economy is an example.
Taxpayers are worse-off. More importantly, the society loses a group of workforce. Small businesses cannot recruit unskilled workers. In the past, small businesses such as textile, jewelry and spectacle companies provided on-job training for young workers, giving rise to a group of innovative talents. For instance, the bosses of listed companies, Shenzhou (2313), Luk Fook (590) and Arts Optical (1120) started their careers as trainees. As trainees, they received minimal pays. All they can ask for were daily meals and the teaching of their "masters" in the hope that they would one day start their own businesses using the techniques taught by their masters.
School courses cannot replace on-job training because students in school aim to take course credits, not the mastering of certain tasks. Without such no-pay training system, there won't be any movie star Jackie Chan.
The welfare expenditure that kicked off in mid-1990's has destroyed the opportunities for on-job training and the innovation that would emerge. As Hong Kong has shown in the past, innovation, not government direction, is what an economy needs for it to go forward.
Next time, i will continue to explore the topic of opportunities.
Copyright Quam
Yes, unemployment statistics has been disappointing although the economy has been expanded uninterruptedly for the past four years. The current jobless rate of 4.1% means that for every 1,000 people who are either working or waiting for jobs, 41 are now without job. The number considerably exceeds the average 37 over the past 25 years. In the heyday 1982 to 1997, only 25 people on average were jobless. The number hit a historic low of 11 in 1989. Now, at 4.1%, the unemployment rate has fallen significantly from the peak but the decline has flattened. Why?
Economic cycle cannot explain the prevailing unemployment. Is it structural? The government would be happy to agree and reiterates its old tale that Hong Kong has transformed from a manufacturing town to a service-oriented city. The government likes to say that workers who are laid off from factories remained unemployed and that has limited the decline of unemployment rate. The tale suggests that the prevailing unemployment is something irreversible, and the government can hardly do anything about it. However widely cited it is, the tale is false.
The chart on the right (Source: Hong Kong Government) nails the lie.

This chart shows the unemployment trend by age group since 1982. All lines go hand-in-hand, up and down together. The unemployment among workers aged between 50 and 59 has been high in recent years. But the fact is that all age groups, young and old, have soared. If it were structural unemployment that dictated the overall unemployment, one would expect to see the older people, the green line and the orange line, suffer and the others do not. If it were structural unemployment that causes the whole unemployment problem, the jobless rate among the younger people, represented by the red line and the light blue line, should be low. But that is not the case.
The highly consistent pattern across ages suggests that structural changes have played a minor role, if any, in explaining the whole employment problem. There must be some underlying force that affects all workers, young and old.
Apart from "M-shaped" phenomenon, Hong Kong's social welfare has risen coincidently with the rise of unemployment rate.
See the chart on the right (Source: Hong Kong Government) and you will find changes in jobless welfare ground-breaking.

The red line in the chart shows expenditure of Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) Scheme since 1994. The black line shows the number of recipients. The expenditure fifth-folded to HK$17.6 billion in 2004, from HK$3.4 in 1994. The number of recipients increased to 542,000 from 140,000 during the same period. How large is the group of recipients? The number of recipients in 2004 was more than double the number of unemployed people.
How much does the scheme pay as compared with an employer? According to official statistics, an eligible family of three members on average received HK$7,700 a month in the year ended October 2005. A single-member family got HK$3,500 a month.
A cleaning worker earns about HK$3,000 to HK$5,000 after one whole month of hardship. He loses almost all his leisure time and probably spends most of his saving in medical expenses due to the infectious working environment.
The welfare system gives incentive for people not to work. i believe that is the major cause for the prevailing unemployment problem.
Unemployment driven by the welfare hurt the economy harder than cyclical and structural causes do because it tends to stay for a long period of time and affect all workers, young and old. Today's stagnant French economy is an example.
Taxpayers are worse-off. More importantly, the society loses a group of workforce. Small businesses cannot recruit unskilled workers. In the past, small businesses such as textile, jewelry and spectacle companies provided on-job training for young workers, giving rise to a group of innovative talents. For instance, the bosses of listed companies, Shenzhou (2313), Luk Fook (590) and Arts Optical (1120) started their careers as trainees. As trainees, they received minimal pays. All they can ask for were daily meals and the teaching of their "masters" in the hope that they would one day start their own businesses using the techniques taught by their masters.
School courses cannot replace on-job training because students in school aim to take course credits, not the mastering of certain tasks. Without such no-pay training system, there won't be any movie star Jackie Chan.
The welfare expenditure that kicked off in mid-1990's has destroyed the opportunities for on-job training and the innovation that would emerge. As Hong Kong has shown in the past, innovation, not government direction, is what an economy needs for it to go forward.
Next time, i will continue to explore the topic of opportunities.
Copyright Quam
2007/05/19
拉警鐘
茶怪所就讀的大學有一個傳統惡作劇,就是亂拉警鐘。十多年前,茶怪到以製芝士和啤酒為主業的美國小鎮求學,那是一間以學生開派對著名的學府,不知是不是開派對開到通宵達旦的原因,醉酒學生喜歡在半夜三四時,亂拉宿舍的警鐘。警鐘一響,所有宿生都醒來,走到戶外。
這個惡作劇非常無聊,損人不利己,拉警鐘的都肯定是傻子,其中一個就是茶怪。當時,到了大學不足一個星期,一班新生睡不著在聊天,宿舍內其他人都睡了,其中有人話有這樣的有趣傳統,有人提議試試,於是大家便靜靜地返房,以免給人發現,哪警鐘由誰拉? 茶怪和另一位同學自動獻身。警鐘一拉,我們待了一會,就若無其事的混在人群裡,一起走到大門前的草地上,那是清晨五時,聚集了近百人,就是我們的傑作。當時茶怪著,就這樣,大學生涯才不枉過,勁。
此後拉警鐘事件時有發生,惡作劇總是不了了之,從來沒有聽過誰因拉警鐘而被校方追究,被鬧醒的無辜學生,亦不會找誰找悔氣,大學校園生活不就是這樣胡胡鬧鬧地過嗎?
這個惡作劇非常無聊,損人不利己,拉警鐘的都肯定是傻子,其中一個就是茶怪。當時,到了大學不足一個星期,一班新生睡不著在聊天,宿舍內其他人都睡了,其中有人話有這樣的有趣傳統,有人提議試試,於是大家便靜靜地返房,以免給人發現,哪警鐘由誰拉? 茶怪和另一位同學自動獻身。警鐘一拉,我們待了一會,就若無其事的混在人群裡,一起走到大門前的草地上,那是清晨五時,聚集了近百人,就是我們的傑作。當時茶怪著,就這樣,大學生涯才不枉過,勁。
此後拉警鐘事件時有發生,惡作劇總是不了了之,從來沒有聽過誰因拉警鐘而被校方追究,被鬧醒的無辜學生,亦不會找誰找悔氣,大學校園生活不就是這樣胡胡鬧鬧地過嗎?
2007/05/14
集體回憶屬誰 II
多謝羅安尼就前文的回應。讓茶怪有機會說得清楚一點。
茶怪小時候就是住在水街的,回想起,在那裡吃白粥油炸鬼的確爽,但這個爽只限於回憶,在當時,如果有選擇,小茶怪寧願到附近的「小飛俠」快餐店或任何一間快餐店,因為有冷氣。水街的大排檔的大風扇,吹的都是熱風。
舊灣仔,茶怪也住過,在天台玩,不知幾爽,現在的新樓就不可能。但到2007年,如果負擔得起,茶怪都會選擇有電梯、衛生情況好一點的其他樓。周末到舊區逛逛,影相,的確幾捨意的,但如果要住在那裡的幾十年唐樓,你願意嗎? 七八十歲的老人家每日要上落幾層樓梯又是如何味道?
羅先生說麥當奴不屬於集體回憶,正說明集體回憶的範圍因人而異,麥當奴肯定是很多人首間工作的公司,亦是很多情侶首次相遇的地方,我和太太便是一例。要不是碧麗宮戲院拆了,就沒有銅鑼灣世貿中心,沒有世貿中心,就沒有當中的麥當奴,沒有那間麥當奴,做記者的做完assignment就沒有方便的地方落腳,就四散各自食lunch,茶怪和太太的命運可能要改寫。那麼,如果你問茶怪有否為碧麗宮拆掉而可惜,有,那是阿爸帶小茶怪看戲的地方。你問茶怪如果那間麥當奴拆了會否可惜,會,但如果社會更需要那裡進行別的活動,例如拆掉世貿建全新戲院,那裡將為未來更多人體現他們的歷程,成為他們的集體回憶。
所有舊的東西,大排檔也好,唐樓也好,都曾經是新的,它們的出現,是推倒更舊的東西而來的。那麼,那些更舊的東西有沒有集體回憶呢? 一定有。那麼我們這一代的集體回憶豈不是又是建基於對上一代的集體回憶之摧毀嗎? 集體回憶屬誰?
茶怪小時候就是住在水街的,回想起,在那裡吃白粥油炸鬼的確爽,但這個爽只限於回憶,在當時,如果有選擇,小茶怪寧願到附近的「小飛俠」快餐店或任何一間快餐店,因為有冷氣。水街的大排檔的大風扇,吹的都是熱風。
舊灣仔,茶怪也住過,在天台玩,不知幾爽,現在的新樓就不可能。但到2007年,如果負擔得起,茶怪都會選擇有電梯、衛生情況好一點的其他樓。周末到舊區逛逛,影相,的確幾捨意的,但如果要住在那裡的幾十年唐樓,你願意嗎? 七八十歲的老人家每日要上落幾層樓梯又是如何味道?
羅先生說麥當奴不屬於集體回憶,正說明集體回憶的範圍因人而異,麥當奴肯定是很多人首間工作的公司,亦是很多情侶首次相遇的地方,我和太太便是一例。要不是碧麗宮戲院拆了,就沒有銅鑼灣世貿中心,沒有世貿中心,就沒有當中的麥當奴,沒有那間麥當奴,做記者的做完assignment就沒有方便的地方落腳,就四散各自食lunch,茶怪和太太的命運可能要改寫。那麼,如果你問茶怪有否為碧麗宮拆掉而可惜,有,那是阿爸帶小茶怪看戲的地方。你問茶怪如果那間麥當奴拆了會否可惜,會,但如果社會更需要那裡進行別的活動,例如拆掉世貿建全新戲院,那裡將為未來更多人體現他們的歷程,成為他們的集體回憶。
所有舊的東西,大排檔也好,唐樓也好,都曾經是新的,它們的出現,是推倒更舊的東西而來的。那麼,那些更舊的東西有沒有集體回憶呢? 一定有。那麼我們這一代的集體回憶豈不是又是建基於對上一代的集體回憶之摧毀嗎? 集體回憶屬誰?
2007/05/13
集體回憶屬誰
胡恩威在<<香港風格>>一書中說: 「在太古廣場、太古城、又一城、新城市廣場與及眾多的冷氣商場裡面,沒有歷史,沒有感情,沒有甚麼可以記憶。商場的光線只有一種,沒有四季,無雨、無風,人與人的距離很接近,但當大家透明,沒有笑容,沒有甚麼,甚麼都沒有。這就是資本主義唯一的理想生活嗎? ... 在深水埗的大街小巷裡,有雨,有風,有人世間的悲歡離合,有黑有白有灰,有紅有黃有綠。夏天的汗水,又濕又熱,活受罪。」
讀來很順心,但茶怪再想,所謂集體回憶,是屬於誰的回憶? 對於八十年代成長的一代,包括茶怪自己,舊區商場是集體回憶,新商場不可能是,但對於下一代,和下一代的下一代,這些舊區商場不是他們回憶的一部分,現在新的商場,將來就成為他們的回憶。如果我們這一代純粹為了懷舊,為保留所謂「集體」的回憶,就漠視了下一代的權利,去經歷自己的年代,建立自己的回憶。
胡先生將人的冷漠歸咎於資本主義,說舊日子多好,茶怪問,深水埗的大街小巷,有人氣的商場難道又不是行資本主義的嗎?
讀來很順心,但茶怪再想,所謂集體回憶,是屬於誰的回憶? 對於八十年代成長的一代,包括茶怪自己,舊區商場是集體回憶,新商場不可能是,但對於下一代,和下一代的下一代,這些舊區商場不是他們回憶的一部分,現在新的商場,將來就成為他們的回憶。如果我們這一代純粹為了懷舊,為保留所謂「集體」的回憶,就漠視了下一代的權利,去經歷自己的年代,建立自己的回憶。
胡先生將人的冷漠歸咎於資本主義,說舊日子多好,茶怪問,深水埗的大街小巷,有人氣的商場難道又不是行資本主義的嗎?
2007/05/12
經濟人談情
看了網上一篇有趣的文章愛情經濟學,茶怪希望參與討論:
有趣,談情時說經濟學的確大殺風景。如果茶怪是高先生所說的那位崇尚自由主意經濟學家,聽了愛人說:「甜心,我是屬於你的,甚麼都依你。」,會對她說:
1. 那我真的是全世界最幸福的人了! 其他女士們都愛財、講條件,但你是不一樣的,每人有自由選擇的權利,你置機會成本於不顧,選擇了我,我實在太幸福了。
2. 現在沒有奴隸制,我也不會當你是奴隸看待。
3. 兩人相處要互相幫忙,如果你將來和我一同生活,我也不要你做所有家務,我要分擔一部分家務。
4. 你愛我要付出那麼多心思和時間,還要付出上述的機會成本,甜心,我也愛你,同樣願意為你付出,努力賺錢,不去泡妞,讓你做世上最幸福的女人。
將愛情說成交易,的確好難聽,茶怪想,其實錢是一張紙,人如何賺、如何用,才是值得思考的地方,經濟學的研究對象並非錢,而是人。例如,一個人為了家人的生活水平,放棄安逸,選擇每日努力地工作,去賺錢,賺了錢,他又選擇了給家人用,而不是給了二奶或別人。這整個過程的背後在於情,錢只是一個中介媒體。 而只有在產權清晰劃分和人有自由選擇權時,為別人付出才有意義。
至於「世上沒有免費午餐」,極富爭議性,亦讓人有笑柄,說經濟學是功利主義,不近人情,「我經常請朋友吃飯,不要求有任何物質上或非物質上的回報,哪不是免費午餐,是甚麼?」
茶怪會問: 「你有能力請全世界幾十億人吃一個免費午餐嗎? 」不能,那麼,你的免費午餐的對象必有取捨,選一必失一,那就是成本。茶怪沒有看過佛利民本人就他的名言的註解,純粹從日常生活去設想。所謂免費午餐,吃的人不用付錢,不代表它是免費。請客的人之所以請你吃而不請別人吃,對他來說就是成本,不可能是免費的,付出成本的原因不一定是為回報的,可以是為情。
有趣,談情時說經濟學的確大殺風景。如果茶怪是高先生所說的那位崇尚自由主意經濟學家,聽了愛人說:「甜心,我是屬於你的,甚麼都依你。」,會對她說:
1. 那我真的是全世界最幸福的人了! 其他女士們都愛財、講條件,但你是不一樣的,每人有自由選擇的權利,你置機會成本於不顧,選擇了我,我實在太幸福了。
2. 現在沒有奴隸制,我也不會當你是奴隸看待。
3. 兩人相處要互相幫忙,如果你將來和我一同生活,我也不要你做所有家務,我要分擔一部分家務。
4. 你愛我要付出那麼多心思和時間,還要付出上述的機會成本,甜心,我也愛你,同樣願意為你付出,努力賺錢,不去泡妞,讓你做世上最幸福的女人。
將愛情說成交易,的確好難聽,茶怪想,其實錢是一張紙,人如何賺、如何用,才是值得思考的地方,經濟學的研究對象並非錢,而是人。例如,一個人為了家人的生活水平,放棄安逸,選擇每日努力地工作,去賺錢,賺了錢,他又選擇了給家人用,而不是給了二奶或別人。這整個過程的背後在於情,錢只是一個中介媒體。 而只有在產權清晰劃分和人有自由選擇權時,為別人付出才有意義。
至於「世上沒有免費午餐」,極富爭議性,亦讓人有笑柄,說經濟學是功利主義,不近人情,「我經常請朋友吃飯,不要求有任何物質上或非物質上的回報,哪不是免費午餐,是甚麼?」
茶怪會問: 「你有能力請全世界幾十億人吃一個免費午餐嗎? 」不能,那麼,你的免費午餐的對象必有取捨,選一必失一,那就是成本。茶怪沒有看過佛利民本人就他的名言的註解,純粹從日常生活去設想。所謂免費午餐,吃的人不用付錢,不代表它是免費。請客的人之所以請你吃而不請別人吃,對他來說就是成本,不可能是免費的,付出成本的原因不一定是為回報的,可以是為情。
2007/05/10
蜘蛛俠
蜘蛛俠第三集延續超級英雄神話,其中有句對白是一個在街上欣賞蜘蛛俠電視畫面的路人,說: 「one man can make a big difference」,呼應了第一集的「With great power comes great responsibility」。蜘蛛俠電影希望帶出每個人應「義不容辭」地承擔社會的責任。 但試想想,如果現實世界真的有個超級英雄,生活會過得好一點嗎?
看電影就可以找到答案。當有危難時,蜘蛛俠拉著蜘蛛絲在盪來盪去,去救人和打怪獸的同時,個個警察都企定定地欣賞,甚至喝采。有了蜘蛛俠,久而久之,市面上無論事務大小,可能是爆水渠、地鐵訊號故障,也靠蜘蛛俠攪惦。可能有時情況不是太壞,一般技術人員或紀律部隊可以處理,但人總有惰性,可以的話將事情拖延一下,甚至故意弄糟多些,由得蜘蛛俠去理。日常的保安、警察巡邏、查問可疑人物等工作,各工作單位大概也不必太著緊,出了錯,別怕,有蜘蛛俠補獲。
蜘蛛俠救人,久而久之,人漸漸喪失自救能力。超級英雄好心做壞事。
所謂With great power comes great responsibility,應該加埋for a big bill。要錢,蜘蛛俠如果想做好事,他必定要收錢,明碼實價。你說對不對。
看電影就可以找到答案。當有危難時,蜘蛛俠拉著蜘蛛絲在盪來盪去,去救人和打怪獸的同時,個個警察都企定定地欣賞,甚至喝采。有了蜘蛛俠,久而久之,市面上無論事務大小,可能是爆水渠、地鐵訊號故障,也靠蜘蛛俠攪惦。可能有時情況不是太壞,一般技術人員或紀律部隊可以處理,但人總有惰性,可以的話將事情拖延一下,甚至故意弄糟多些,由得蜘蛛俠去理。日常的保安、警察巡邏、查問可疑人物等工作,各工作單位大概也不必太著緊,出了錯,別怕,有蜘蛛俠補獲。
蜘蛛俠救人,久而久之,人漸漸喪失自救能力。超級英雄好心做壞事。
所謂With great power comes great responsibility,應該加埋for a big bill。要錢,蜘蛛俠如果想做好事,他必定要收錢,明碼實價。你說對不對。
2007/05/05
你知道自己想要甚麼?
一般認識奧國學派在於其「無為而治」的施政理念,將之等同laissez-faire自由市場主導經濟政策,曾蔭權的書架上,據說也有奧派學者海耶克的著作。但奧派在學術界一向被視為非主流派系,普遍大學的經濟學課程隻字不提奧派。有人甚至將奧派與UFO人外來客之說以及據說Tom Cruise崇拜的科學教派混為一談,歸類為邪門異端。海耶克曾跑到經濟學馳名的芝加哥大學覓教職,竟被其經濟學系拒諸門外,於是他只得在芝大教社會學。奧派之所以被定為「邪派」,筒中「離經叛義」之處,在於奧派否定經濟學主流的根本假設 -- 你知道自己想要甚麼。
你有沒有試過很想吃一樣東西,例如乾炒牛河,到茶餐廳點菜時卻叫了叉燒飯? 心明明想要一樣東西,心猿意馬,但最後又選擇了別的。你大概對自己的工作不太滿意,後悔入錯行,入錯公司,想原先若選擇了別的就好了。甚至有個很流行的說法: 「你的老公/老婆,99%不是你最愛的人。」人總覺得,為什麼明明是自己的選擇,總不是自己想要的? 是選擇本身出了問題嗎?
經濟行為就是源於選擇行為,經濟學主流所謂「後經典派」主張,你在選擇的考慮過程中,腦中有條方程式,有晒圖表,經過一輪快速而精確的混算後,答案便出來。後經典派假設,你知道自己要甚麼,然後作出選擇。
奧派則反對這個假設,其堅持的原則,是你根本不知道你自己想要甚麼,直至你作出選擇。你可能以為自己知,但其實唔知。當你選定了,選擇的結果說明了你想要甚麼。這一套茶怪好buy。明明有乾炒牛河,你揀咗叉燒飯,說明你鍾意叉燒飯多過乾炒牛河。茶怪想,靠這個觀念,可以幫人掃除很多無病呻吟。
至於奧派怎樣將這個觀念引伸至「無為而治」? 就是即使科技再先進,沒有一部超級電腦可以計算出甚麼你最想要,從而平衡所有人的要求。問也沒用,問卷調查是錯的,包括消費者信心調查、商業信心調查、產品滿意度調查都不可能反映事實。最佳的經濟政策是靠市場運作,讓市場說明人們想要甚麼。
你有沒有試過很想吃一樣東西,例如乾炒牛河,到茶餐廳點菜時卻叫了叉燒飯? 心明明想要一樣東西,心猿意馬,但最後又選擇了別的。你大概對自己的工作不太滿意,後悔入錯行,入錯公司,想原先若選擇了別的就好了。甚至有個很流行的說法: 「你的老公/老婆,99%不是你最愛的人。」人總覺得,為什麼明明是自己的選擇,總不是自己想要的? 是選擇本身出了問題嗎?
經濟行為就是源於選擇行為,經濟學主流所謂「後經典派」主張,你在選擇的考慮過程中,腦中有條方程式,有晒圖表,經過一輪快速而精確的混算後,答案便出來。後經典派假設,你知道自己要甚麼,然後作出選擇。
奧派則反對這個假設,其堅持的原則,是你根本不知道你自己想要甚麼,直至你作出選擇。你可能以為自己知,但其實唔知。當你選定了,選擇的結果說明了你想要甚麼。這一套茶怪好buy。明明有乾炒牛河,你揀咗叉燒飯,說明你鍾意叉燒飯多過乾炒牛河。茶怪想,靠這個觀念,可以幫人掃除很多無病呻吟。
至於奧派怎樣將這個觀念引伸至「無為而治」? 就是即使科技再先進,沒有一部超級電腦可以計算出甚麼你最想要,從而平衡所有人的要求。問也沒用,問卷調查是錯的,包括消費者信心調查、商業信心調查、產品滿意度調查都不可能反映事實。最佳的經濟政策是靠市場運作,讓市場說明人們想要甚麼。
2007/05/01
「劏客」一問
五一黃金周又開始,相信繼續有很多內地旅客來港受騙,旅遊業界推出的保護旅客權益的措施,如延長退貨期和店舖黑名單,相信效力有限,要有效打擊「劏客」行為,茶怪想,第一是執法,海關應做他們的本分,掃蕩冒牌貨,嚴徵以假亂真的欺詐惡行,犯法固然要拉,至於大部分的「劏客」行為是「合法」的 -- 以超高賣真貨,這又怎麼禁?
如果每個內地旅客都清楚「市價」,那就沒有問題,如果業界能自律,那又不用多講,報章上的類似評論都是不設實際的「憑良好意願,一人行一步,令世界更美好」的空談,人人都要吃飯嘛。罪惡根源在於「回佣」制度,約定好了,旅行社便只會帶團友到指定的鐘表珠寶店,令旅客不能到不同店舖去比較服務水平和價格,以作出自由的購物決定,「回佣」制度是反競爭的。
叫同胞應提高資訊水平以求自保,是不負責任的說法,因為同胞要了解市場,最有效的途徑是親身走到市場裡看,收受回佣的旅行團根本不准許他們這樣做。
茶怪的疑問,是法例上有所謂合法和非法的回佣,究竟是怎樣介定的? 很多行業嚴禁回佣,例如股票分析員,他們推介某股份後,不准向發行該股的公司收取任何利益,地產經紀、建築工程招標也一樣,如有收受回佣者,屬「枱底交易」,廉政公署有咖啡供候,為什麼旅行社又可以有回佣? 回佣的合法性為何在不同的行業有雙重標準?
如果每個內地旅客都清楚「市價」,那就沒有問題,如果業界能自律,那又不用多講,報章上的類似評論都是不設實際的「憑良好意願,一人行一步,令世界更美好」的空談,人人都要吃飯嘛。罪惡根源在於「回佣」制度,約定好了,旅行社便只會帶團友到指定的鐘表珠寶店,令旅客不能到不同店舖去比較服務水平和價格,以作出自由的購物決定,「回佣」制度是反競爭的。
叫同胞應提高資訊水平以求自保,是不負責任的說法,因為同胞要了解市場,最有效的途徑是親身走到市場裡看,收受回佣的旅行團根本不准許他們這樣做。
茶怪的疑問,是法例上有所謂合法和非法的回佣,究竟是怎樣介定的? 很多行業嚴禁回佣,例如股票分析員,他們推介某股份後,不准向發行該股的公司收取任何利益,地產經紀、建築工程招標也一樣,如有收受回佣者,屬「枱底交易」,廉政公署有咖啡供候,為什麼旅行社又可以有回佣? 回佣的合法性為何在不同的行業有雙重標準?
2007/04/28
茶餐廳人類遺產?
民建聯計劃將「港式茶餐廳文化」申請列入「人類非物質文化遺產」,令茶怪「O咀」。想不到每日必到的地方,其文化將可能成為「遺產」! 「國家地理雜誌」會否用港式茶餐廳為封面,呼籲世界保護這種頻臨絕種的文化? 以後每次到樓下發記食早餐A配「茶走」,豈不是身處周圍都係恐龍化石的博物館?
茶餐廳不是頻臨絕種,而係行落街就有。又不是遺產,因為持有人老闆娘未死。既然不是甚麼熊貓珍禽,哪何須加以保護? 茶怪想,茶餐廳文化反而是最有生命力的文化。
它不停地變,幾十年前的茶餐廳除了賣奶茶咖啡和蛋撻糕點之外沒有別的。現在的茶餐廳有魚蛋粉、雲吞麫、义燒飯、牛扒餐,正式要乜有乜。個個客人都想坐卡位,但一般茶餐廳卡位不多,最近到過有間全間100%卡位。很多人喜歡吃出前一丁,一般要加錢,有間專做出前一丁,有很多款式,作為招徠。茶餐廳文化不像歌劇、木偶表演,它沒有任何造手功架的規章要遵守,沒有固定的格式,因應地點、人流、客路和附近的對手,真正各出其招,也不斷從自己的經驗嘗試改進。
如果民建聯申請成功,必須制定很多規章以界定誰有資格被認可為「茶餐廳」,例如指定要賣甚麼食品。也有很多限制以保留其「傳統」,例如叫檸樂,落單哥仔一定要在紙仔上寫「06」,不得電腦化落單。這樣,茶餐廳就失去了賴以為生的靈活性,很快就變成只吃竹葉的熊貓一樣頻臨絕種,到時就名副其實是遺產。雖然民建聯希望幫香港谷旅遊用心良苦,但「人類非物質文化遺產」的設立是為了記錄人類文明,不是為誰賺錢的。
茶餐廳不是頻臨絕種,而係行落街就有。又不是遺產,因為持有人老闆娘未死。既然不是甚麼熊貓珍禽,哪何須加以保護? 茶怪想,茶餐廳文化反而是最有生命力的文化。
它不停地變,幾十年前的茶餐廳除了賣奶茶咖啡和蛋撻糕點之外沒有別的。現在的茶餐廳有魚蛋粉、雲吞麫、义燒飯、牛扒餐,正式要乜有乜。個個客人都想坐卡位,但一般茶餐廳卡位不多,最近到過有間全間100%卡位。很多人喜歡吃出前一丁,一般要加錢,有間專做出前一丁,有很多款式,作為招徠。茶餐廳文化不像歌劇、木偶表演,它沒有任何造手功架的規章要遵守,沒有固定的格式,因應地點、人流、客路和附近的對手,真正各出其招,也不斷從自己的經驗嘗試改進。
如果民建聯申請成功,必須制定很多規章以界定誰有資格被認可為「茶餐廳」,例如指定要賣甚麼食品。也有很多限制以保留其「傳統」,例如叫檸樂,落單哥仔一定要在紙仔上寫「06」,不得電腦化落單。這樣,茶餐廳就失去了賴以為生的靈活性,很快就變成只吃竹葉的熊貓一樣頻臨絕種,到時就名副其實是遺產。雖然民建聯希望幫香港谷旅遊用心良苦,但「人類非物質文化遺產」的設立是為了記錄人類文明,不是為誰賺錢的。
2007/04/27
走向自由之路
多謝 leo 在前文的留言,問茶怪對「通往奴役之路」(The Road to Serfdom) 一書的看法。
茶怪從這本書上得到很多啟發,亦在此向大家推介。作者海耶克是位經濟學家兼政治哲學家,也是在英語世界的奧國學派代言人。經濟學之中有所謂非主流的奧國學派,原於奧地利,他們跟隨傳統阿當史密斯的自然市場理論,政府愈小干擾愈好,與現時主流之別,在於奧國學派反對以數學抽象方式去研究經濟學,其認為經濟行為是人性的多變之結果,難以代入公式,他們的理論著重經濟活動的過程,由於承認人的個性,他們亦專重人的選擇權利。
「通往奴役之路」就是以追求自由為旨的書,在海耶克筆下,資本主義由很多人抗拒的「市儈」「俗套」學問,變成追求自由的哲學。於1944年出版,此書的針對英國讀者,警告英人社會主義最終走向獨裁,步德國和意大利的後塵。戰後,英國沒有採納海耶克的意見,擴大政府規模以主導經濟發展。較為人熟識的凱恩斯學派是奧國學派的宿敵,兩者差不多同時興起,凱恩斯學派提倡政府帶頭攪活經濟,成為當時經濟學的主流,派頭凱恩斯名言: 「In the long run, we are all dead.」激到奧國學派紮紮跳,兩派之爭,茶怪覺得奧國學派蝕底在於其起源地為非英語世界。 後來的歷史演變卻傾向奧國學派的一方,海耶克在1974年獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎。1970年代全球經濟衰退,英國國企霸佔市場,美國徵重稅,英美在80年代進行經濟改革,朝自由市場方向,將國企私有化和減稅,經濟才復甦。
「通往奴役之路」是海耶克最暢銷的書,其中講,基於平等的法律,人的利益純粹由市場決定,人的制遇固然有得有失,也有幸有不幸,但由市場去決定總好過由別人決定,誰是「別人」? 就是社會主義的政府,其根據所謂道德價值去決定資源的分配,但道德價值是主觀的取捨,同時各種價值亦互相排斥,即使政治領導是民選的,他也不可能滿足所有道德價值的要求,不由市場話事,就甚麼都關政府事,令政府有過大權力,最後,權力使人腐化,希特勒就是這樣誕生。
今日,很少人質疑自由市場的好處 (博友量子例外,但這是好的。),但海耶克所謂的「計劃經濟」仍然有「市場」,以香港為例,市民有甚麼不如意的事都歸咎政府,助長風氣的,又是政治領袖自己,他們將經濟發展的功勞都歸功政府,這樣,有起事上來,市民不找政府找誰? 事實上,人民是信任他們支持的領袖的,而領袖就自己也一定充滿信心,為自己仕途也好,為造福人民也好,總希望憑自己的信念以振興經濟,茶怪認為,他們應先參考這本書。
茶怪從這本書上得到很多啟發,亦在此向大家推介。作者海耶克是位經濟學家兼政治哲學家,也是在英語世界的奧國學派代言人。經濟學之中有所謂非主流的奧國學派,原於奧地利,他們跟隨傳統阿當史密斯的自然市場理論,政府愈小干擾愈好,與現時主流之別,在於奧國學派反對以數學抽象方式去研究經濟學,其認為經濟行為是人性的多變之結果,難以代入公式,他們的理論著重經濟活動的過程,由於承認人的個性,他們亦專重人的選擇權利。
「通往奴役之路」就是以追求自由為旨的書,在海耶克筆下,資本主義由很多人抗拒的「市儈」「俗套」學問,變成追求自由的哲學。於1944年出版,此書的針對英國讀者,警告英人社會主義最終走向獨裁,步德國和意大利的後塵。戰後,英國沒有採納海耶克的意見,擴大政府規模以主導經濟發展。較為人熟識的凱恩斯學派是奧國學派的宿敵,兩者差不多同時興起,凱恩斯學派提倡政府帶頭攪活經濟,成為當時經濟學的主流,派頭凱恩斯名言: 「In the long run, we are all dead.」激到奧國學派紮紮跳,兩派之爭,茶怪覺得奧國學派蝕底在於其起源地為非英語世界。 後來的歷史演變卻傾向奧國學派的一方,海耶克在1974年獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎。1970年代全球經濟衰退,英國國企霸佔市場,美國徵重稅,英美在80年代進行經濟改革,朝自由市場方向,將國企私有化和減稅,經濟才復甦。
「通往奴役之路」是海耶克最暢銷的書,其中講,基於平等的法律,人的利益純粹由市場決定,人的制遇固然有得有失,也有幸有不幸,但由市場去決定總好過由別人決定,誰是「別人」? 就是社會主義的政府,其根據所謂道德價值去決定資源的分配,但道德價值是主觀的取捨,同時各種價值亦互相排斥,即使政治領導是民選的,他也不可能滿足所有道德價值的要求,不由市場話事,就甚麼都關政府事,令政府有過大權力,最後,權力使人腐化,希特勒就是這樣誕生。
今日,很少人質疑自由市場的好處 (博友量子例外,但這是好的。),但海耶克所謂的「計劃經濟」仍然有「市場」,以香港為例,市民有甚麼不如意的事都歸咎政府,助長風氣的,又是政治領袖自己,他們將經濟發展的功勞都歸功政府,這樣,有起事上來,市民不找政府找誰? 事實上,人民是信任他們支持的領袖的,而領袖就自己也一定充滿信心,為自己仕途也好,為造福人民也好,總希望憑自己的信念以振興經濟,茶怪認為,他們應先參考這本書。
2007/04/24
添叔
十幾年來首次回鄉探親,滄海桑田。少時數度回鄉,每次出門阿爸都說:「去找阿添,佢大你幾歲,你應叫佢...佢係你...阿叔。」就這樣,茶怪與添叔相識多年,阿爺個兄弟個仔就是他,這個家族關係flow chart,茶怪最近才敲得清楚。
阿爸口中的老家沒有一個是壞人,但對於年少的茶怪可不是。小茶怪覺得鄉下人都很貪心,總是要求你送甚麼,從舊衣服到彩色電視機,有次阿爸買了一雙新波鞋給一位小朋友,小茶怪氣壞了,他們那麼貪心,老是要人家的東西,為何還送波鞋給他們 ! 添叔帶小茶怪到處玩,小茶怪都不太在乎,反正回鄉只是阿爸吩咐的例行公事。上次臨走,添叔問茶怪可否把隨身的walkman留給他,茶怪斷言拒絕,心想,是我的為什麼要給你!
一轉眼就十幾年,週六茶怪帶茶太和弟弟回鄉祭祖,想不到當年劉華「天長地久」長毛look的添叔已變了平頭裝黎智英look,是一家小型工廠的老闆。添叔帶茶怪三人到處走,四驅車取代了已往的單車,全程三餐膳食由他結帳,不是很豪華的餐館,但食物和節目悉心安排,談做生意、投資、信用卡、講教育理想等,walkman的事沒有再提。
臨別時茶怪感到不好意思麻煩了添叔一個週末,邀請他到香港旅遊,說冒必盡地主之誼,好好安排,誰不知他對這邊的購物商店和主題公園不為所動,答: 「生意很忙,走不開。」還道: 「再回來吧,我們都是一家人。」
阿爸口中的老家沒有一個是壞人,但對於年少的茶怪可不是。小茶怪覺得鄉下人都很貪心,總是要求你送甚麼,從舊衣服到彩色電視機,有次阿爸買了一雙新波鞋給一位小朋友,小茶怪氣壞了,他們那麼貪心,老是要人家的東西,為何還送波鞋給他們 ! 添叔帶小茶怪到處玩,小茶怪都不太在乎,反正回鄉只是阿爸吩咐的例行公事。上次臨走,添叔問茶怪可否把隨身的walkman留給他,茶怪斷言拒絕,心想,是我的為什麼要給你!
一轉眼就十幾年,週六茶怪帶茶太和弟弟回鄉祭祖,想不到當年劉華「天長地久」長毛look的添叔已變了平頭裝黎智英look,是一家小型工廠的老闆。添叔帶茶怪三人到處走,四驅車取代了已往的單車,全程三餐膳食由他結帳,不是很豪華的餐館,但食物和節目悉心安排,談做生意、投資、信用卡、講教育理想等,walkman的事沒有再提。
臨別時茶怪感到不好意思麻煩了添叔一個週末,邀請他到香港旅遊,說冒必盡地主之誼,好好安排,誰不知他對這邊的購物商店和主題公園不為所動,答: 「生意很忙,走不開。」還道: 「再回來吧,我們都是一家人。」
2007/04/19
Kurt Vonnegut
"The year was 2081, and everybody was finally equal..." This science fiction dated 1961 tells something about equality. The author Kurt Vonnegut died last week.
2007/04/17
M-shaped society: Inequality?
Living in a city like Hong Kong, i have endless reasons for getting paranoid. At home, i get brown tap water. My share of frozen oil fish still sits in the fridge since news reports said the fish could cause health problem. What more fearful takes place at work -- the fear of losing my job. Recent job statistics from the government seems to tell a spine-chilling story about my future -- "Get rich, or you have to be poor. There is no middle ground!"
In the so-called M-shaped society, the distribution of income has polarized. The number of people who earn monthly income of less than HK$6,000 increased by 17% during the decade from 1996 to 2006. Payrolls for more than HK$10,000 rose 21%. However, the group of people who earn between HK$6,000 and HK$10,000 contracted by 8%. Academics pulled out the jargon called Gini Coefficient and said that inequality in Hong Kong is now scoring high relative to other comparable cities in the world. The situation is getting worse year after year, they said. Social groups warned that the middle class is disappearing and the society is going out of balance. Some people must be taking advantages over others, they claimed.
Worse, the unemployment rate remains buoyant, above 4%, compared with 1-3% during the decade from 1986 to 1995. Even top financial official Henry Tang threw cold water on hopes that the job market could recover, saying the jobless rate won't come down to the heyday level until we die. Is the city losing jobs? Many people say yes. They pointed to cheap labors across the border for taking away low-paying jobs. The others blamed former chief Tung Chee-hwa for leading the economic development to nowhere.
Even well educated people cannot escape from the misery, it seems. The job market is getting increasingly competitive when university graduates are accepting salaries low enough to make their elder alumni laugh. An average high school graduate is doing much worse than that 30 years ago. Some people said it was a rat race for academic qualifications in which everyone is struggling but no one gains at all.
Are we coming to the end of the world? No. Far from it.
From this paragraph onward, i am going to cheer you up. i am going to tell you the truth behind the numbers. The M shape, jobless rate and even fresh graduate income are irrelevant as an indicator of inequality and job opportunities. None of them means anything miserable. Instead, they are the outcomes of natural progress of our society.
i am not going to bore you with number crunching and twisting. i just want to point out a simple fact -- people follow different paths along their lifetime.
Randomly take two fresh graduates from university. They would likely start with monthly income more or less the same, say HK$9,000. Ten years later, their income could be anywhere between HK$20,000 to HK$50,000. Another ten years later, one of them might possible become a successful businessman while the other might possibly have problem to earn a living. Further ten years later, the successful businessman could unfortunately go broke and the other catch a second wind to become a billionaire.
That's natural. In a marathon, ten athletes who start at the same line could end up miles apart. How does that relate to the M-shape situation?
A wave of new birth kicked in during the decade following the end of World War II. See the longest pair of bars, for men and women, in the following chart and you know the size of the so-called baby-boomers. Baby-boomers, men and women aged between 40 and 50, amounted to roughly 1.3 million in 2006.

In 1996, the baby-boomers of course were 10 years younger than now. See the following chart.

The widening of income distribution over the past decades was resulted from the fact that the baby-boomers were explored their fortune. Twenty years ago, they just started their career and received similar incomes. As time went by, some did better than the others. In their forties, in 2006, the baby-boomers made various levels of achievements. They are not necessarily going to extremes. There could be a lot of middle-range performers. Merely the dispersed spread of personal performance is enough to make the statistics take its present shape.
Compare two hypothetical societies -- one comprising mostly 20-year-old people and the other comprising mostly 40-year-old. Can we say that the younger society is more equal than the older one simply because the younger society has more evenly distributed income? No, we can't.
To make Hong Kong a better place to live, we must distinguish "inequality of outcomes" from "inequality of opportunities". The Gini Coefficient and any other measurement of income distribution measure the degree of "inequality of outcomes" only. We are barking the wrong tree if we focus on "inequality of outcomes". A communistic society has absolute equality of outcomes. Everyone earns the same level of income. Is it a utopia? Some people might say: "Yes, those poor people contribute to the society just as much as the rich. Let them share the fruit of the economic development." However, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. History tells us that, if we focus on equality of outcome, we won't help the poor at all. Instead, everyone would end up being in poverty.
"Inequality of opportunities" is more important than "inequality of outcomes". That is to ensure that everyone plays in level field.
i will try to assess the inequality of opportunities in Hong Kong in future entries. Before that, we would take a few more steps to clarify the general perceptions and confusions. Next time, i will continue to show why worries about the buoyant unemployment rate and the struggle of rat race are exaggerated.
Copyright Quam
In the so-called M-shaped society, the distribution of income has polarized. The number of people who earn monthly income of less than HK$6,000 increased by 17% during the decade from 1996 to 2006. Payrolls for more than HK$10,000 rose 21%. However, the group of people who earn between HK$6,000 and HK$10,000 contracted by 8%. Academics pulled out the jargon called Gini Coefficient and said that inequality in Hong Kong is now scoring high relative to other comparable cities in the world. The situation is getting worse year after year, they said. Social groups warned that the middle class is disappearing and the society is going out of balance. Some people must be taking advantages over others, they claimed.
Worse, the unemployment rate remains buoyant, above 4%, compared with 1-3% during the decade from 1986 to 1995. Even top financial official Henry Tang threw cold water on hopes that the job market could recover, saying the jobless rate won't come down to the heyday level until we die. Is the city losing jobs? Many people say yes. They pointed to cheap labors across the border for taking away low-paying jobs. The others blamed former chief Tung Chee-hwa for leading the economic development to nowhere.
Even well educated people cannot escape from the misery, it seems. The job market is getting increasingly competitive when university graduates are accepting salaries low enough to make their elder alumni laugh. An average high school graduate is doing much worse than that 30 years ago. Some people said it was a rat race for academic qualifications in which everyone is struggling but no one gains at all.
Are we coming to the end of the world? No. Far from it.
From this paragraph onward, i am going to cheer you up. i am going to tell you the truth behind the numbers. The M shape, jobless rate and even fresh graduate income are irrelevant as an indicator of inequality and job opportunities. None of them means anything miserable. Instead, they are the outcomes of natural progress of our society.
i am not going to bore you with number crunching and twisting. i just want to point out a simple fact -- people follow different paths along their lifetime.
Randomly take two fresh graduates from university. They would likely start with monthly income more or less the same, say HK$9,000. Ten years later, their income could be anywhere between HK$20,000 to HK$50,000. Another ten years later, one of them might possible become a successful businessman while the other might possibly have problem to earn a living. Further ten years later, the successful businessman could unfortunately go broke and the other catch a second wind to become a billionaire.
That's natural. In a marathon, ten athletes who start at the same line could end up miles apart. How does that relate to the M-shape situation?
A wave of new birth kicked in during the decade following the end of World War II. See the longest pair of bars, for men and women, in the following chart and you know the size of the so-called baby-boomers. Baby-boomers, men and women aged between 40 and 50, amounted to roughly 1.3 million in 2006.

In 1996, the baby-boomers of course were 10 years younger than now. See the following chart.

The widening of income distribution over the past decades was resulted from the fact that the baby-boomers were explored their fortune. Twenty years ago, they just started their career and received similar incomes. As time went by, some did better than the others. In their forties, in 2006, the baby-boomers made various levels of achievements. They are not necessarily going to extremes. There could be a lot of middle-range performers. Merely the dispersed spread of personal performance is enough to make the statistics take its present shape.
Compare two hypothetical societies -- one comprising mostly 20-year-old people and the other comprising mostly 40-year-old. Can we say that the younger society is more equal than the older one simply because the younger society has more evenly distributed income? No, we can't.
To make Hong Kong a better place to live, we must distinguish "inequality of outcomes" from "inequality of opportunities". The Gini Coefficient and any other measurement of income distribution measure the degree of "inequality of outcomes" only. We are barking the wrong tree if we focus on "inequality of outcomes". A communistic society has absolute equality of outcomes. Everyone earns the same level of income. Is it a utopia? Some people might say: "Yes, those poor people contribute to the society just as much as the rich. Let them share the fruit of the economic development." However, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. History tells us that, if we focus on equality of outcome, we won't help the poor at all. Instead, everyone would end up being in poverty.
"Inequality of opportunities" is more important than "inequality of outcomes". That is to ensure that everyone plays in level field.
i will try to assess the inequality of opportunities in Hong Kong in future entries. Before that, we would take a few more steps to clarify the general perceptions and confusions. Next time, i will continue to show why worries about the buoyant unemployment rate and the struggle of rat race are exaggerated.
Copyright Quam
2007/04/15
2007/04/08
巴別塔
聖經記載巴別塔的故事,就是神看見人類團體地建造一個高比天的塔,神就令原本說同一種語言的人類,開始說不同的語言,令他們無法溝通,自此,人就不能團結。聽起來有點荒謬,神為什麼這樣自私,要離間人? 茶怪想真點,這個故事的意義,是種族之間的疏離,歸根咎底在於人的自以為是,人性的本質。
電影<<巴別塔>>,說人間的互不信任和缺乏溝通,種族之間、國家之間、社會家庭角色之間如是。片名有宗教意味,但沒有說教,說的是人間的故事,幾好睇。
電影<<巴別塔>>,說人間的互不信任和缺乏溝通,種族之間、國家之間、社會家庭角色之間如是。片名有宗教意味,但沒有說教,說的是人間的故事,幾好睇。
Who killed Silly Keung?
鬼佬版與原裝港版無間道,人們對鬼佬版沒有了"傻強"一角感到失望,認為親切感大減。茶怪想,傻強一角的作用,除了攪笑,更重要是用來襯托梁朝偉的機智。在編劇悉心安排下,無間道的四個主角,都各有四個配角作為襯托,梁朝偉有傻強,劉德華有衝動的同事吳廷華,黃sir有悶蛋同事葉sir,大奸角韓森有周圍差人亦茫然不知泰國毒梟。有這些配角,才顯出主角的過人之處。
原裝無間道說忠義者最終得到解脫,背叛者永不超生,要加強覆蓋面,當中的主角要是卓越非凡的人,暗示卓越的人如是得到報應,更何況普通人。鬼佬版無間道不行這套。除了有班不知「江湖規矩」的中國幫,去顯出Jack Nicholson的老練之外,沒有其他的襯托角色,傻強亦不例外,原因是如茶怪在前文"Three years, three years and three years!"中指出,鬼佬版並不歌頌英雄,不著重正邪,沒有善惡因果。所有角色皆為棋子,為自己的私利各出奇謀。
傻強是儒家文化的產物,也適合階級制度的需要,他忠心、卑微、傻,他令上級感到安全,傻強之上又有傻強,一級一級上。但西方的文化看不見傻強,即使看見,也不用不著,即使有用,也不相信他是傻的。令西人有安全感的,是權力的制衡,Nicholson「收靚」不問甚麼,只要有collateral,抵押品可以是親人或甚麼,只要有「痛腳」,威脅就是指令的力量,這就是權力的制衡。
在國際關係裡,中國幾千年來一直以為日本和其他鄰近的國家都是傻強,將來,中國將繼續相信她有很多傻強。日本是西方的傻強,但在九十年代,當日本經貿強勁,引起美國的保護主義,並有學者懷疑終有一日,日本回歸成為中國的傻強,西方就是不信傻強是傻的,西方在歐洲歷史上行權力制衡這一套,面對中國的日益強大,將循權力制衡方面著手。
原裝無間道說忠義者最終得到解脫,背叛者永不超生,要加強覆蓋面,當中的主角要是卓越非凡的人,暗示卓越的人如是得到報應,更何況普通人。鬼佬版無間道不行這套。除了有班不知「江湖規矩」的中國幫,去顯出Jack Nicholson的老練之外,沒有其他的襯托角色,傻強亦不例外,原因是如茶怪在前文"Three years, three years and three years!"中指出,鬼佬版並不歌頌英雄,不著重正邪,沒有善惡因果。所有角色皆為棋子,為自己的私利各出奇謀。
傻強是儒家文化的產物,也適合階級制度的需要,他忠心、卑微、傻,他令上級感到安全,傻強之上又有傻強,一級一級上。但西方的文化看不見傻強,即使看見,也不用不著,即使有用,也不相信他是傻的。令西人有安全感的,是權力的制衡,Nicholson「收靚」不問甚麼,只要有collateral,抵押品可以是親人或甚麼,只要有「痛腳」,威脅就是指令的力量,這就是權力的制衡。
在國際關係裡,中國幾千年來一直以為日本和其他鄰近的國家都是傻強,將來,中國將繼續相信她有很多傻強。日本是西方的傻強,但在九十年代,當日本經貿強勁,引起美國的保護主義,並有學者懷疑終有一日,日本回歸成為中國的傻強,西方就是不信傻強是傻的,西方在歐洲歷史上行權力制衡這一套,面對中國的日益強大,將循權力制衡方面著手。
2007/04/04
讀書樂
常聽說「滿街碩士」,工餘時進修,取得好學歷也找不到一份高薪厚職。為甚麼?是競爭太激烈嗎?茶怪想,兩者未必有關係,首先,進修如果作為投資,是屬於高成本、低回報、高風險、低流通性的。
高成本 -- 時間金錢不在話下。低回報 -- 進修得來的知識技能未必可應用於工作上以提升工作效率。以金融業為例,工作效率主要來自兩方面,投資眼光和人脈關係,兩樣都差不多冇得學,要求的基本知識如數學和語言,都在中學有教,要培養好投資眼光和人脈關係,更重要的是實務經驗。高風險 -- 投資期長,很難預見幾年後,你所修讀的專科的人才需求,很多時間,市場有週期,當某個專業好景,人人爭相進修,誰不知完成課程後,該專業的週期已轉淡,市面上出現大批拿著該專業資格的求職者,工資待遇一定被壓低。低流通性 -- 股票買錯了可即日沽售,換碼,但專業資格不能隨時轉換。
專業資格只限於政府、非牟利機構或絕對排他性的專業,如會計師和律師,發揮利益功效,在市場經濟則不能,工資待遇取決於工作效率,好簡單,考慮聘請你的雇主本身都是打工仔,自己管理的部門也有表現目標。普遍人的認知是: 「一個中五畢業,另一個大學畢業,雇主一定請大學生吧。」對,這是因為有能力的人多入大學大專,這是常規教育選拔機制下所產生的標籤效應。但投身社會之後工餘時間進修,所得的資格已失去標籤效應。
讀書為讀書,搵錢為搵錢,讀書為搵錢是錯配。讀書、進修以提升個人修養,茶怪想,是最快樂和自然的結果,希望搵錢的,最有效的方法是從工作中學習、拼搏,以提升自己的效率。人們不是愚的,為何他們從切身利益考量,都寧願選擇持續進修這項「劣質投資」?可能是因為已沒有更好的投資選擇了,「從工作中學習、拼搏」,回報更低,為甚麼? 茶怪未有答案。
高成本 -- 時間金錢不在話下。低回報 -- 進修得來的知識技能未必可應用於工作上以提升工作效率。以金融業為例,工作效率主要來自兩方面,投資眼光和人脈關係,兩樣都差不多冇得學,要求的基本知識如數學和語言,都在中學有教,要培養好投資眼光和人脈關係,更重要的是實務經驗。高風險 -- 投資期長,很難預見幾年後,你所修讀的專科的人才需求,很多時間,市場有週期,當某個專業好景,人人爭相進修,誰不知完成課程後,該專業的週期已轉淡,市面上出現大批拿著該專業資格的求職者,工資待遇一定被壓低。低流通性 -- 股票買錯了可即日沽售,換碼,但專業資格不能隨時轉換。
專業資格只限於政府、非牟利機構或絕對排他性的專業,如會計師和律師,發揮利益功效,在市場經濟則不能,工資待遇取決於工作效率,好簡單,考慮聘請你的雇主本身都是打工仔,自己管理的部門也有表現目標。普遍人的認知是: 「一個中五畢業,另一個大學畢業,雇主一定請大學生吧。」對,這是因為有能力的人多入大學大專,這是常規教育選拔機制下所產生的標籤效應。但投身社會之後工餘時間進修,所得的資格已失去標籤效應。
讀書為讀書,搵錢為搵錢,讀書為搵錢是錯配。讀書、進修以提升個人修養,茶怪想,是最快樂和自然的結果,希望搵錢的,最有效的方法是從工作中學習、拼搏,以提升自己的效率。人們不是愚的,為何他們從切身利益考量,都寧願選擇持續進修這項「劣質投資」?可能是因為已沒有更好的投資選擇了,「從工作中學習、拼搏」,回報更低,為甚麼? 茶怪未有答案。
2007/04/03
沙士紀念日 II
多謝meta的回應。
董落曾上的意義,茶怪想,不在於新人勝舊人,而在於「炒魷」機制的彰顯。
很多人說,董落的原因是中央改朝換代,但澳門特首豈不是,為什麼他又能通過新老板的面試? 董在位期間,經濟衰退,疫症處理不周,政府財政嚴重赤字,曾上,赤字消失,幸運地再沒有沙士,整體經濟復甦。至於貧富懸殊和政制改革問題,尚待處理。
經濟和財赤是週期性的,疫症亦不知何時會來,曾上的時間剛好順風順水,是好幸? 成功總帶幸運成份,最重要是個結果,結果影響民心。老董輕民心重效率,例如中藥港、數碼港和八萬五建屋計劃,老董以為任期五年又五年,不怕你罵、上街。誰不知中央冇面俾,民心關乎社會穩定,穩定第一,原來不攪好民心會遭「炒魷」。
老曾重民心輕效率,競選前攪咁多show,有甚麼計劃,是真是假都做公開咨詢。茶怪想,怕被「炒魷」是特首最大的動力去「做好呢份工」。
董落曾上的意義,茶怪想,不在於新人勝舊人,而在於「炒魷」機制的彰顯。
很多人說,董落的原因是中央改朝換代,但澳門特首豈不是,為什麼他又能通過新老板的面試? 董在位期間,經濟衰退,疫症處理不周,政府財政嚴重赤字,曾上,赤字消失,幸運地再沒有沙士,整體經濟復甦。至於貧富懸殊和政制改革問題,尚待處理。
經濟和財赤是週期性的,疫症亦不知何時會來,曾上的時間剛好順風順水,是好幸? 成功總帶幸運成份,最重要是個結果,結果影響民心。老董輕民心重效率,例如中藥港、數碼港和八萬五建屋計劃,老董以為任期五年又五年,不怕你罵、上街。誰不知中央冇面俾,民心關乎社會穩定,穩定第一,原來不攪好民心會遭「炒魷」。
老曾重民心輕效率,競選前攪咁多show,有甚麼計劃,是真是假都做公開咨詢。茶怪想,怕被「炒魷」是特首最大的動力去「做好呢份工」。
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